• 

  Vietnamese Boat People
  Unknown 1984
  More than two million “Vietnamese Boat People” fled their homeland between 1975 and 1995, seeking asylum in neighboring countries and leading to a humanitarian crisis that ended with more than half of the refugees being resettled in the United States. This photograph shows thirty-five refugees awaiting rescue by the USS Blue Ridge. After spending eight days at sea, the thirty-five foot fishing boat was spotted three hundred fifty miles northeast of Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam

  2022年10月17日

• 

  1982, A 35 foot fishing boat approaches the amphibious command ship USS BLUE RIDGE (LCC 19). The BLUE RIDGE rescued 35 refugeees 350 miles northeast of Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, after they had spend eight days at sea in the boat.

  2022年10月17日

• 

  Chinese in the Philippines in 1899
  A Typical Chinese Coolie. Before and for some time after the American occupation, the corabao [sic] and coolie were the only competitors in the city’s heavy transportations.

  2022年10月17日

• Kidnapping of Ethnic Chinese in the 1990s
  Because they are seen as being richer than other Filipinos, Chinese Filipino are often the targets of crime such as kidnapping. Seth Mydans wrote in the New York Times, “The highly visible role of the Chinese in Philippine economic growth — the Chinese-owned shopping malls and high-rises that are transforming Manila — have made them obvious targets for extortion. Members of the Chinese business community agree that investment has been affected but say it is impossible to estimate the amounts involved.”

  2022年10月17日

• Filipino Chinese Weddings The Chinese, like the Filipinos, have unique wedding traditions, ceremonies, and even superstitions. Because China is a large country, each clan has its own special tradition and customs. Their traditions mixed with the Filipinos, made Filipino-Chinese weddings even more colorful. Here is a guide on the basic wedding rituals of the Filipino-Chinese.

  2022年10月17日

• Chinese in the Philippines in the 19th and 20th Centuries
  Spanish decline of the Philippines began in the 1700s when the power of Spain was eclipsed in Europe by the England, France and the Netherlands. Foreign competition in the late 1700s disrupted the trans-Pacific trade routes and independence of Mexico and other Latin countries in the early 1800s brought an end to Spain’s trans-Pacific monopoly.
  Mestizos (people of mixed Malay, Chinese and Spanish ancestry) began to move into positions of influence and take the place of the Spanish. The opening of trade created a wealthy class that was educated in Europe, where they were exposed to the same kind of liberal ideas and philosophies that fostered the independence movements in the U.S., France and Latin America.
  In the late nineteenth century, Chinese immigration, now with official approval, increased, and Chinese mestizos became a feature in Filipino social and economic life.
  In 1931 there were between 80,000 and 100,000 Chinese in the islands active in the local economy; many of them had arrived after United States rule had been established. Some 16,000 Japanese were concentrated largely in the Mindanao province of Davao (the incorporated city of Davao was labeled by local boosters the “Little Tokyo of the South”) and were predominant in the abaca industry. Yet the immigration of foreign laborers never reached a volume sufficient to threaten indigenous control of the economy or the traditional social structure as it did in British Malaya and Burma.

  2022年10月17日

• Chinese Rebellion in the Philippines
  Spanish rule was punctuated by periodic revolts, many of them involving Chinese who lived outside the walls of Manila in a place called the Parian. In 1574, a Chinese pirate named Lin Tao Kien unsuccessfully attacked Manila. In 1574, the governor of Manila was assassinated by Chinese mutineers on his galley. Even though 12,000 Chinese were expelled in 1596, settlers continued to arrive from the mainland.
  There were anti-Chinese riots in 1603, 1639, 1662, 1686, 1762 and 1819. The one in 1603 was particularly nasty: some 6,000 armed Chinese set fire to Spanish settlement outside Manila and began marching on Manila itself. A Spanish attack was quickly repelled and Spanish leaders were beheaded and had their heads displayed on stakes. Spanish reinforcements from the south saved for the Spaniards. The rebels were turned back and Parian was set on fire. The Spaniards and their Filipino and Japanese allies then took their revenge and massacred 20,000 Chinese.
  The Chinese remained afterwards because the Spaniards couldn’t conduct trade without them.

  2022年10月17日

• Chinese and Chinese Mestizos in the Philippines in the Spanish Era
  In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, deep-seated Spanish suspicion of the Chinese gave way to recognition of their potentially constructive role in economic development. Chinese expulsion orders issued in 1755 and 1766 were repealed in 1788. Nevertheless, the Chinese remained concentrated in towns around Manila, particularly Binondo and Santa Cruz. In 1839 the government issued a decree granting them freedom of occupation and residence. [Source: Library of Congress]
  In the latter half of the nineteenth century, immigration into the archipelago, largely from the maritime province of Fujian on the southeastern coast of China, increased, and a growing proportion of Chinese settled in outlying areas. In 1849 more than 90 percent of the approximately 6,000 Chinese lived in or around Manila, whereas in 1886 this proportion decreased to 77 percent of the 66,000 Chinese in the Philippines at that time, declining still further in the 1890s. The Chinese presence in the hinterland went hand in hand with the transformation of the insular economy. Spanish policy encouraged immigrants to become agricultural laborers. Some became gardeners, supplying vegetables to the towns, but most shunned the fields and set themselves up as small retailers and moneylenders. The Chinese soon gained a central position in the cash-crop economy on the provincial and local levels. *
  Of equal, if not greater, significance for subsequent political, cultural, and economic developments were the Chinese mestizos. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, they composed about 5 percent of the total population of around 2.5 million and were concentrated in the most developed provinces of Central Luzon and in Manila and its environs. A much smaller number lived in the more important towns of the Visayan Islands, such as Cebu and Iloilo, and on Mindanao. Converts to Catholicism and speakers of Filipino languages or Spanish rather than Chinese dialects, the mestizos enjoyed a legal status as subjects of Spain that was denied the Chinese. In the words of historian Edgar Vickberg, they were considered, unlike the mixed-Chinese of other Southeast Asian countries, not “a special kind of local Chinese” but “a special kind of Filipino.”
  The eighteenth-century expulsion edicts had given the Chinese mestizos the opportunity to enter retailing and the skilled craft occupations formerly dominated by the Chinese. The removal of legal restrictions on Chinese economic activity and the competition of new Chinese immigrants, however, drove a large number of mestizos out of the commercial sector in mid-nineteenth century. As a result, many Chinese mestizos invested in land, particularly in Central Luzon. The estates of the religious orders were concentrated in this region, and mestizos became inquilinos (lessees) of these lands, subletting them to cultivators; a portion of the rent was given by the inquilino to the friary estate. Like the Chinese, the mestizos were moneylenders and acquired land when debtors defaulted.
  By the late nineteenth century, prominent mestizo families, despite the inroads of the Chinese, were noted for their wealth and formed the major component of a Filipino elite. As the export economy grew and foreign contact increased, the mestizos and other members of this Filipino elite, known collectively as ilustrados, obtained higher education (in some cases abroad), entered professions such as law or medicine, and were particularly receptive to the liberal and democratic ideas that were beginning to reach the Philippines despite the efforts of the generally reactionary — and friar-dominated — Spanish establishment.

  2022年10月17日

• Binondo (Chinese: 岷倫洛; pinyin: Mínlúnluò; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bîn-lûn-lo̍h) is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city’s Chinatown. Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo, Santa Cruz, San Nicolas and Tondo. It is the oldest Chinatown in the world, established in 1594 by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese, it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects. It was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period. Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila, where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive.
  Numerous theories on the origin of the name “Binondo”, and that of “Tondo”, its neighboring district, have been put forward. Philippine National Artist Nick Joaquin suggested that the names might have been derived from the archaic spelling of the Tagalog term “binondoc” (modern orthography: binundók), or mountainous, referring to Binondo’s originally hilly terrain. French linguist Jean-Paul Potet, however, has suggested that the river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum), which at the time was called “tundok” (“tinduk-tindukan” today), is the most likely origin of the term, with the ‘Bi-” prefix in “Binondo” indicating Binondo’s location relative to Tondo.

  2022年10月17日

• The Chinese Mestizos: Intelligent, Active, and Wealthy
  Over the course of the 17th to 19th centuries, the treatment of the Chinese improved, largely because of intermarrying with Filipinos, and their indispensable role in the Philippine economy. At the end of the 1800s, there were so many wealthy and mestizo Chinese in the Philippines that they comprised 23 percent of the population of Filipinos and mestizos. According to Corpuz (2007), the Chinese mestizos in the Philippines at that time were “rich, active, and intelligent.”
  In the social stratification in the 19th century, the Chinese had significantly improved their status, from being a despised outsider to being an essential economic asset in the Philippines. In that period, the Spanish were still considered the altas – they were at the top, while the Indios were at the base. Meanwhile, the Chinese mestizos became a neutral populace that served as an economic link for the Spaniards and the Indios.
  Apart from the Chinese mestizos, newcomer Chinese from the mainland also settled in the Philippines and established their own close-knit communities. They built their own schools, hospitals, and cemeteries, and published their own newspapers. According to Abinales and Amoroso, The Chinese took a very prominent economic role in the 19th century as wholesalers, retailers, and producers, especially of abaca and tobacco. They also became monopoly contractors, which suited the needs of the Spanish colonial government.
  Much like many Filipinos at that time, the Chinese who chose to settle in the Philippines in the 17th to 19th centuries proved to be resilient, resourceful, and stubborn in the face of abuse, maltreatment, and racism.

  2022年10月17日